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Canine Coronavirus (CCoV, enteric)
| Acronym: | CCoV |
| Gene: | |
| Mutation: | |
| Inheritance: | |
| Sample type: | CHS (Cheek Swab), WBE (Whole Blood EDTA) |
| Method: |
Product Description
Canine coronavirus belongs to family Coronaviridae, together with feline coronavirus. There are three types of canine coronavirus: enteric, pantropic and canine respiratory coronavirus, and I and II serotypes.
Sample: Rectal swab
Modes of transmission
Enteric canine coronavirus is transmitted by fecal-oral route. Infected dogs usually shed the virus for 6-9 days after infection.
Clinical signs
Enteric canine coronavirus causes gastrointestinal disease followed by loss of appetite, vomiting, fluid diarrhea, dehydration and, only occasionally, death. Fatal disease commonly occurs as a consequence of mixed infections with CCoV together with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine adenovirus type 1 or canine distemper virus.
Pantropic CCoV causes a systemic disease followed by a fatal outcome in pups. Clinical signs consist of fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, severe leukopenia and neurological signs (ataxia, seizures) followed by death within 2 days after the onset of the symptoms. Older dogs, 6 months of age, slowly recover from the disease.
Respiratory CCoV is responsible for mild respiratory signs and is recognized as etiological agent of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) together with Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine adenoviruses type 1 and type 2, canine parainfluenza virus, canine herpesvirus, reoviruses and influenza viruses.
Therapy
Treatment is symptomatic and in most cases without any consequences. In rare cases the outcome can be fatal, mostly in neonatal CCoV infection and co-infection of respiratory CCoV and other CIRD etiological agents.
Prevention
CCoV vaccination is required in Croatia. First dose is administrated at the age of 7-8 weeks. Annual boosters are required.
Prevalence
CCoV has a worldwide distribution. Incidence of enteric CCoV is 70-90%, with serotype I being more common. Incidence of respiratory CCoV is from 17.8-54.7%, according to serological studies.
Results Reported As
Test Result |
Interpretation of test result |
POSITIVE |
A positive result proves that the DNA/RNA of the corresponding pathogen is present in the tested sample, and indicates an infection. PCR-results should be interpreted in conjunction with the available clinical and epidemiological information. |
NEGATIVE |
A negative result states that the DNA/RNA of the corresponding pathogen was not detected in the tested sample. A negative PCR result indicates that DNA/RNA of the pathogen was not present at sampling site, at sampling time, but does not definitely rule out an infection. PCR-results should be interpreted in conjunction with the available clinical and epidemiological information. |
References:
Decaro, N., and Buonavoglia, C. (2008). An update on canine coronaviruses: Viral evolution and pathobiology. Veterinary Microbiology 132, 221–234.
Gut, M., Leutenegger, C.M., Huder, J.B., Pedersen, N.C., and Lutz, H. (1999). One-tube fluorogenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the quantitation of feline coronaviruses. Journal of Virological Methods 77, 37–46.
Pratelli, A. (2006). Genetic evolution of canine coronavirus and recent advances in prophylaxis. Veterinary Research 37, 191–200.