Genetic testing is an important tool for identifying the genetic makeup of a species, including birds. It provides important information for breeders, conservationists, and researchers in avian biology. However, collecting suitable samples for genetic testing can be challenging in birds, especially when blood collection is not feasible or desirable.
In contrast to birds, sample collection for genetic testing in dogs, cats, and horses is typically performed using buccal swabs, blood samples, or hair roots. Buccal swabs are collected by gently swabbing the inside of the cheek with a sterile cotton swab. Blood samples can be collected by venipuncture or by using a small drop of blood from a paw or ear. Hair roots can be collected by plucking a few hairs from the mane or tail of a horse. Each of these sample types has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the most appropriate sample type for a particular species will depend on the specific genetic test being performed. In this article, we will explore two alternative sample types for genetic testing in birds: feathers and eggshells.
Feathers are a noninvasive sample type that can be easily collected from birds. When a feather is plucked, a small amount of skin cells remains attached to the quill of the feather and those cells contain DNA that can be used for genetic testing. The best feathers to collect are from the pectoral area or the inner side of the wings and they must be freshly shed or plucked feathers. Flying or tail feathers, fallen feathers nor broken ones are not as good for DNA analysis. To collect feathers, gently pluck a few feathers relatively close to the base and place them in a clean, dry container. The feathers can then be sent to a laboratory for genetic analysis.
Eggshell swabbing is another alternative noninvasive method for obtaining DNA and is applicable across a wide range of bird species. After hatching, the remains of the eggshell with fiber/umbilical cord still contain DNA on the inside surface that can be used for genetic testing. The eggshell fragments should be first wiped to clean from excrement, thoroughly dried and then placed in a clean, dry container. Afterward, the fragments can then be sent to a laboratory for genetic analysis.
Genetic testing in birds can be performed using feathers and eggshells as alternative sample types to blood. These non-invasive sample types provide an efficient and effective way to collect DNA for genetic analysis.
AnimaLabs: Collection instructions – eggshell, https://www.animalabs.com/2021/assets/downloads/EggshellCollection_v001.pdf
AnimaLabs: Feather collection instructions, https://www.animalabs.com/2021/assets/downloads/FeatherCollection_v001.pdf